টেন্স বুঝুন ৫ মিনিটে (present, past, future) একসাথে: ভাষার মূল শক্তি হলো সময়কে প্রকাশ করা। আমরা যখন কথা বলি বা লিখি, তখন মূলত জানাতে চাই কাজটি কখন ঘটছে– Present ( বর্তমান) , Past (অতীতে), Future (ভবিষ্যতে) এই ধারণাকেই ইংরেজি ভাষায় বলা হয় Tense (কাল)।
এই লেখায় আমরা খুব সহজভাবে Present ( বর্তমান) , Past (অতীতে), Future (ভবিষ্যত) tense এর ধরন, গঠন, ব্যবহার ও উদাহরণ আলোচনা করব।
Tense কি?
Tense (কাল) হলো সেই গ্রামার্টিক্যাল ধারা যেটি English (এবং অনেক ভাষায়) verb (কর্ম) কে সময়ের সঙ্গে সম্পর্ক দিয়ে পরিবর্তন করে, অর্থাৎ, নির্দেশ করে কাজটি কখন হচ্ছে: Present ( বর্তমান) , Past (অতীতে), Future (ভবিষ্যতে)।
Tense এর মূল ধরন
ইংরেজি ভাষায় মূলত তিনটি বড় বিভাগে tense ভাগ করা হয়:
- Present ( বর্তমান)
- 2. Past (অতীত)
- Future (ভবিষ্যৎ)
প্রতিটি বিভাগের আবার চারটি করে “aspect” বা রূপে বিভক্ত :
- Simple (indefinite)
- Continuous (progressive)
- Perfect
- Perfect Continuous
অর্থাৎ, মোট ১২ ধরনের tense ব্যবহৃত হয় ইংরেজিতে।
টেন্স বুঝুন ৫ মিনিটে (present, past, future) একসাথে
১। Present Tense (বর্তমান কাল)
Structure: Subject + verb (base / s, es) + object
usage:
Habitual actions (অভ্যাস বা নিয়মিত কাজ)
Universal truth (সর্বজনীন সত্য)
Imperative sentences (আদেশ/অনুরোধ)
| Example |
|---|
| 1. I play cricket every Friday. |
| 2. She cooks delicious food. |
| 3. She reads Quran every morning. |
| 4. My father drives a car. |
| 5. I go to school regularly |
| 6. They speak English fluently. |
Read More: Verb vs Auxiliary যেখানে ভুল হয় ঠিক করবেন কিভাবে
2. Present Continuous Tense
Structure: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing + object
Usage:
বর্তমানে চলছে এমন কাজ বোঝাতে
Temporary actions (অস্থায়ী কাজ)
| Example |
|---|
| 1. They are playing football. |
| 2. She is cooking rice. |
| 3. We are watching TV now. |
| 4. I am learning English grammar. |
| 5. The students are listening to the teacher. |
3. Present Perfect Tense
Structure: Subject + has/have + past participle (V3) + object
Usage:
অতীত-এ শুরু হয়েছে কিন্তু এখনো প্রভাব আছে এমন কাজ
Recently completed actions
| Example |
|---|
| 1. She has cooked dinner. |
| 2. I have finished my homework. |
| 3. The teacher has entered the class. |
| 4. I have lost my wallet. |
| 5. She has completed her project. |
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Structure: Subject + has/have been + verb-ing + object + since/for + time
Usage:
অতীত থেকে শুরু হয়ে এখন পর্যন্ত চলছে এমন কাজ
| Example |
|---|
| 1. I have been reading for two hours. |
| 2. We have been living here since 2010. |
| 3. My brother has been sleeping for three hours. |
| 4. I have been practicing English for six months. |
| 5. They have been playing cricket since afternoon. |
Past Tense
1.Past Indefinite Tense (অতীত কাল)
Structure: Subject + past form of verb + object
Usage:
অতীতে সম্পূর্ণ হওয়া কাজ
| Example |
|---|
| 1. She cooked rice yesterday. |
| 2. He went to the park. |
| 3. They watched a movie. |
| 4. She sang a song at the party. |
| 5. I met my friend yesterday. |
2. Past Continuous Tense
Structure: Subject + was/were + verb-ing + object
Usage:
অতীতে কোনো সময়ে চলমান কাজ
এক কাজ চলছিল, অন্য কাজ ঘটলো
| Example |
|---|
| 1. I was reading when you called me. |
| 2. We were watching TV last night. |
| 3. He was driving the car. |
| 4. The baby was crying loudly. |
| 5. I was studying all evening. |
3. Past Perfect Tense
Structure: Subject + had + past participle verb + object
Usage:
Past-এ দুটি কাজ ঘটলে, যে কাজটি আগে হয়েছে সেটি Past Perfect-এ বোঝানো হয়
| Example |
|---|
| 1. They had played cricket before it rained. |
| 2. I had read the novel before the exam. |
| 3. They had gone home when we reached there. |
| 4. I had finished my homework before dinner. |
| 5. He had written a book before 2015. |
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Structure: Subject + had been + verb-ing + object + since/for + time
Usage:
অতীতে নির্দিষ্ট সময় ধরে চলছিল এমন কাজ
| Example |
|---|
| I had been studying for two hours.. He had been working in that company for 10 years. |
| She had been cooking since morning |
| They had been playing football for one hour. |
| We had been waiting for the bus since 8 a.m. |
| He had been working in that company for 10 years. |
Future Tense (ভবিষ্যৎ)
1.Future Indefinite
Structure: Subject + will/shall + verb + object
Usage:
ভবিষ্যতে হবে এমন কাজ
| Example |
|---|
| She will cook dinner tonight. |
| I will call you tomorrow. |
| He will buy a new car. |
| We will go to Cox’s Bazar next year. |
| They will play cricket next Friday. |
2. Future Continuous Tense
Structure: Subject + will/shall be + verb-ing + object
Usage:
ভবিষ্যতের নির্দিষ্ট সময়ে কাজ চলতে থাকবে
| She will be cooking dinner in the evening. |
| My father will be driving to Dhaka. |
| He will be writing a letter tomorrow morning. |
| We will be waiting for the bus. |
| They will be playing cricket at that time. |
3. Future Perfect Tense
Structure: Subject + will/shall have + past participle verb + object + by/within + time
Usage:
ভবিষ্যতের নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের আগে কাজ সম্পন্ন হবে
| Example |
|---|
| I will have finished my homework by 9 p.m. |
| We will have visited Dhaka by next week. |
| He will have written a book by 2026. |
| They will have played cricket before it rains. |
| She will have cooked food before guests arrive. |
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Structure: Subject + will/shall have been + verb-ing + object + since/for + time
Usage:
ভবিষ্যতের নির্দিষ্ট সময় পর্যন্ত কোনো কাজ চলতে থাকবে
| Example |
|---|
| We will have been waiting for the bus since 8 a.m. |
| They will have been playing cricket for one hour. |
| My father will have been driving for three hours. |
| The baby will have been crying for 30 minutes. |
| He will have been working in that company for 10 years. |
1. Tense শেখা কেন দরকার?
Answer: সঠিকভাবে ইংরেজিতে কথা বলা, লেখা ও পরীক্ষায় ভালো করার জন্য।
2. Present Indefinite কোথায় ব্যবহৃত হয়?
Answer: অভ্যাস, universal truth, general facts।
Example: The sun rises in the east.
